Interessato in esaminare il rapporto tra Lukàcs e la filosofia clàssica, questo saggio vuole mostrare che il filosofo ungherese ha trovato nella categoria del lavoro una sintesi tra soggetto e oggetto, restando cosi in condizioni di riproporre alcune delle questioni fondamentali delia filosofia: il ruolo del filosofo nella società, il rapporto tra filosofia e politica, la definizione di una nuova etica. Dimenticate dalla filosofia contemporânea, queste questioni sono tornate oggi al centro del dibattito filosòfico, spingendo i filosofi a riflettere sul (...) fondamento dello stesso pensiero e della realtà storica che essi vivono. Ed è alia luce di esse che il saggio pretende interpretare la categoria lukàcsiana dei lavoro.Interessado em examinar as relações entre Lukács e a filosofia clàssica, o presente ensaio procura demonstrar que o filósofo húngaro encontrou na categoria do trabalho uma sìntese entre sujeito e objeto, ficando assim em condições de repropor algumas das questões fundamentais da filosofia: o papel do filósofo na sociedade, a relação entre filosofia e política, a definição de uma nova ética. Esquecidas por boa parte da filosofia contemporânea, tais questões retornam hoje ao centro do debate filosófico, impelindo os filósofos a refletir sobre o fundamento do próprio pensamento e da realidade histórica em que vivem. E é a partir delas que o ensaio pretende interpretar a categoria lukacsiana do trabalho. (shrink)

Accounting firms are reporting the use of Artificial Intelligence in their auditing and advisory functions, citing benefits such as time savings, faster data analysis, increased levels of accuracy, more in-depth insight into business processes, and enhanced client service. AI, an emerging technology that aims to mimic the cognitive skills and judgment of humans, promises competitive advantages to the adopter. As a result, all the Big 4 firms are reporting its use and their plans to continue with this innovation in areas (...) such as audit planning risk assessments, tests of transactions, analytics, and the preparation of audit work-papers, among other uses. As the uses and benefits of AI continue to emerge within the auditing profession, there is a gradual awakening to the fact that unintended consequences may also arise. Thus, we heed to the call of numerous researchers to not only explore the benefits of AI but also investigate the ethical implications of the use of this emerging technology. By combining two futuristic ethical frameworks, we forecast the ethical implications of the use of AI in auditing, given its inherent features, nature, and intended functions. We provide a conceptual analysis of the practical ethical and social issues surrounding AI, using past studies as well as our inferences based on the reported use of the technology by auditing firms. Beyond the exploration of these issues, we also discuss the responsibility for the policy and governance of emerging technology. (shrink)

It is often assumed that disagreement only occurs when there is a clash (e.g., inconsistency) between beliefs. In the philosophical literature, this “narrow” view has sometimes been considered the obvious, intuitively correct view. In this paper, we argue that it should not be. We have conducted two preregistered studies gauging English speakers’ intuitions about whether there is disagreement in a case where the parties have non-clashing beliefs and clashing intentions. Our results suggest that common intuitions tell against the default view. (...) Ordinary speakers describe clashes of intentions as disagreements, suggesting that the ordinary concept of disagreement is “wide” in that it extends beyond beliefs. (shrink)

Using a recently introduced entropy-like measure of uncertainty of quantum mechanical states, the problem of hidden variables is redefined in operator algebraic framework of quantum mechanics in the following way: if A, , E(A), E() are von Neumann algebras and their state spaces respectively, (, E()) is said to be an entropic hidden theory of (A, E(A)) via a positive map L from onto A if for all states E(A) the composite state ° L E() can be obtained as an (...) average over states in E() that have smaller entropic uncertainty than the entropic uncertainty of . It is shown that if L is a Jordan homomorphism then (, E()) is not an entropic hidden theory of (A, E(A)) via L. (shrink)

Man’s essence is not to be found in his belonging to a species, i.e. in his possessing of an essence. And our humanity is not to be defined according to our being “rational”: theoretical reason stands in a metaphysical continuity with sensation and perception, realities of the natural world. Man is, however, not a given, natural thing but a being existing in history. Our history’s principle and energy is freedom. Each of us receives a call to become and to act (...) and the free answer she or he gives to this call can not come from anybody else. It alone allows us to understand the question: who is man? (shrink)

A condition is formulated in terms of the probabilities of two pairs of correlated events in a classical probability space which is necessary for the two correlations to have a single (Reichenbachian) common-cause and it is shown that there exists pairs of correlated events probabilities of which violate the necessary condition. It is concluded that different correlations do not in general have a common common-cause. It is also shown that this conclusion remains valid even if one weakens slightly Reichenbach's definition (...) of common-cause. The significance of the difference between common-causes and common common-causes is emphasized from the perspective of Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle. (shrink)

An open question in the semantics of modality is what relations there are among different modal flavours. In this article, we consider the thorny issue of whether ascribing to an agent the obligation to φ implies that it is possible for the agent to φ. Traditionally, this issue has been interpreted as whether ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. But another linguistic interpretation is available as well, namely, whether ‘must’ implies ‘can’ (MIC). We show that ‘must’ does imply ‘can’ via a convergent argument. (...) The first strand of the argument is theoretical: it consists in proving MIC from a well-established theory of modality in natural language, i.e., that proposed by Kratzer. The second strand is empirical: we present novel acceptability judgment studies showing that MIC predicts and explains the linguistic behaviour of native English speakers. (shrink)

An open question in the semantics of modality is what relations there are among different modal flavours. In this article, we consider the thorny issue of whether ascribing to an agent the obligation to φ implies that it is possible for the agent to φ. Traditionally, this issue has been interpreted as whether ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. But another linguistic interpretation is available as well, namely, whether ‘must’ implies ‘can’ (MIC). We show that ‘must’ does imply ‘can’ via a convergent argument. (...) The first strand of the argument is theoretical: it consists in proving MIC from a well- established theory of modality in natural language, i.e., that proposed by Kratzer. The second strand is empirical: we present novel acceptability judgment studies showing that MIC predicts and explains the linguistic behaviour of native English speakers. (shrink)

L'élargissement de la métaphysique est un exposé systématique de la philosophie qui se donne la tâche de repenser la métaphysique classique de l'Occident selon les deux registres de l'existence et de l'essence. Les catégories de l'existence seront réarticulées par une double inspiration kantienne et chrétienne. La synthèse a priori et la kénose du Christ permettront le descellement de l'immanence de la nature et de la justice en direction de l'ouverture et de la surabondance de l'amour créateur, principe de tout don (...) : c'est l'amour qui guide l'orientation du concept vers le singulier, qui en sous-tend la transfiguration en œuvre d'art et qui en parfait l'accomplissement ultime dans l'Enfant. Quant au domaine de l'essence, il sera ressourcé par l'inspiration phénoménologique permettant son renouvellement en une eidétique, de l'espace et du temps, où s'inscrivent les potentialités et les richesses inépuisables de la finitude. Et c'est une eidétique de la volonté qui conduira vers l'achèvement de la philosophie en tant que métaphysique du bien et du mal. (shrink)

This paper offers an ethical analysis of online steering, the practice of personalizing search results in e-commerce based on data about users. We first outline the parallels and differences between online steering and price discrimination, arguing that online steering is more likely to benefit consumers and enhance social welfare than price discrimination. Next, we argue that while online steering does not violate any plausible specification of the equal-treatment norm, it involves an element of manipulation that is absent in price discrimination (...) and that by itself raises ethical concerns regardless of the welfare effects of online steering. We conclude that in order to address these ethical concerns, online steering needs to satisfy a transparency condition. (shrink)

Két, közelmúltban megrendezett filozófiai konferencia előadásaiból válogat a tanulmánykötet. A 2015-ben a kaposvári egyetemen és 2016-ban a Filozófiai Intézetben megtartott tanácskozások témája az érzelmek és a jelentés volt. Az érzelmek mibenléte, az ésszel és értelemmel való kapcsolata már a kezdetek óta foglalkoztatta a filozófusokat, érthető hát, hogy a kötet élén két filozófiatörténeti esettanulmány áll, az első az ókori sztoikusoknál vizsgálja az érzelmek és a cselekvés viszonyát, a másik a bűnös érzelmek problémáját mutatja be a skolasztika korában. A folytatásban már a (...) kortárs filozófiai viták egy-egy témája kerül elő: az éntapasztalat fenomenológiai leírása és az érzelmek lehetséges szerepe a racionális vitákban. Az érzelmekről szóló blokkot záró két kognitív pszichológiai tanulmány az empirikus tudományok felől közelíti meg a problémakört. A kiadvány második felében található négy tanulmányt a huszadik századi filozófia egyik kulcsfogalma, a jelentés köti össze, amelynek kapcsán nyelv- és elmefilozófiai problémák kerülnek tárgyalásra: intencionalitás és fenomenalitás viszonya, a szemantikai szkepticizmus, a vélekedések filozófiai leírása. A kortárs filozófiai diskurzusokba betekintést nyújtó, a szerkesztők rövid előszavával bevezetett kiadvány a szakkönyvtárak anyaga. "www.kello.hu © minden jog fenntartva". (shrink)

Cylindric set algebras are algebraizations of certain logical semantics. The topic surveyed here, i.e. probabilities defined on cylindric set algebras, is closely related, on the one hand, to probability logic (to probabilities defined on logical formulas), on the other hand, to measure theory. The set algebras occuring here are associated, in particular, with the semantics of first order logic and with non-standard analysis. The probabilities introduced are partially continous, they are continous with respect to so-called cylindric sums.

En este artículo se derivan y proponen seis recomendaciones: 1. Brigadas de capacitación, de aprendizaje y de aprehendizaje. 2. Reconversión de los directivos y superiores. 3. Sistema de información y comunicación multinivel. 4. Autogestión escolar. 5. Interculturalidad e inclusión. 6. Solventar cien por ciento de las necesidades básicas de infraestructura.

Given two unital C*-algebrasA, ℬ and their state spacesE A , Eℬ respectively, (A,E A ) is said to have (ℬ, Eℬ) as a hidden theory via a linear, positive, unit-preserving map L: ℬ →A if, for all ϕ εE A , L*ϕ can be decomposed in Eℬ into states with pointwise strictly less dispersion than that of ϕ. Conditions onA and L are found that exclude (A,E A ) from having a hidden theory via L. It is shown in (...) particular that, ifA is simple, then no (ℬ, Eℬ) can be a hidden theory of (A,E A ) via a Jordan homomorphism; it is proved furthermore that, ifA is a UHF algebra, it cannot be embedded into a larger C*-algebra ℬ such that (ℬ, Eℬ) is a hidden theory of (A,E A ) via a conditional expectation from ℬ ontoA. (shrink)

Le présent volume rassemble des études consacrées à la philosophie contemporaine. Cette philosophie est née comme réaction et réponse aux positivismes et aux scientismes, mais également aux mises en question du Système et de l'Universel par Nietzsche. Dans l'aire anglo-américaine, elle est surtout représentée par la pensée du Procès, dans l'aire 'continentale' par la Phénoménologie. Elle re-pense à nouveaux frais des thèmes pérennes de la métaphysique comme le temps et l'espace, le bien et le mal, l'individu, l'amour, Dieu. Les auteurs (...) dont traitent les textes de ce recueil ont été souvent en rapport, au moins conceptuel, les uns avec les autres, mais certains d'entre eux sont isolés, paraissent comme des météorites. A. Whitehead, H. Bergson, M. Heidegger, G. Marcel, L. Gondos-Grünhut, H. Arendt, S. Weil, M. Merleau-Ponty, J.-L. Marion sont des penseurs originaux, profonds, même si tous ne sont pas bien connus ou reconnus. L'historiographie philosophique peut ne pas leur attribuer une importance égale, mais précisément, ce volume n'a pas l'ambition de présenter même une ébauche d'histoire de la philosophie contemporaine. Il se veut et il n'est effectivement qu'un ensemble d'éclats, il ne dévoile qu'un paysage de lumières non-coordonnées entre elles. (shrink)

Le projet essentiel de l'idéalisme allemand est de présenter un savoir a priori de l'être particulier, concret, Avec la découverte kantienne de l'autodétermination transcendantale du temps dans le schématisme, la voie est ouverte devant l'élaboration d'une métaphysique des images. Le jeune Schelling développe les intuitions de Kant en « construisant » les moments essentiels de la nature et, par la suite, en déduisant l'œuvre d'art comme l'objet connaissable par excellence. Toutefois dans sa philosophie de l'identité Schelling scindera la production du (...) temps par le sujet de sa faculté pratique, et interdira par ce fait à sa réflexion d'accéder à une philosophie de l'histoire qui seule saurait prétendre à une connaissance métaphysique de la réalité individuelle. The central project of German Idealism is the a priori knowledge of the particular. The Kantian discovery of the transcendental self-determination of time in the schemata paves the way before the advent of a metaphysics of images. The young Schelling develops further the insights of Kant: first by the « construction » of the principal moments of nature and later on by the deduction of the work of art as the absolutely knowable object. However in his system of identity Schelling separates the subject's production of time from his practical faculty and by this fact he prevents his thought from becoming a philosophy of history, i.e. a genuine metaphysics of the individual. (shrink)

The paper sets out to offer an alternative to the function/argument approach to the most essential aspects of natural language meanings. That is, we question the assumption that semantic completeness (of, e.g., propositions) or incompleteness (of, e.g., predicates) exactly replicate the corresponding grammatical concepts (of, e.g., sentences and verbs, respectively). We argue that even if one gives up this assumption, it is still possible to keep the compositionality of the semantic interpretation of simple predicate/argument structures. In our opinion, compositionality presupposes (...) that we are able to compare arbitrary meanings in term of information content. This is why our proposal relies on an ‘intrinsically’ type free algebraic semantic theory. The basic entities in our models are neither individuals, nor eventualities, nor their properties, but ‘pieces of evidence’ for believing in the ‘truth’ or ‘existence’ or ‘identity’ of any kind of phenomenon. Our formal language contains a single binary non-associative constructor used for creating structured complex terms representing arbitrary phenomena. We give a finite Hilbert-style axiomatisation and a decision algorithm for the entailment problem of the suggested system. (shrink)

This paper formulates a notion of independence of subobjects of an object in a general (i.e. not necessarily concrete) category. Subobject independence is the categorial generalization of what is known as subsystem independence in the context of algebraic relativistic quantum field theory. The content of subobject independence formulated in this paper is morphism co-possibility: two subobjects of an object will be defined to be independent if any two morphisms on the two subobjects of an object are jointly implementable by a (...) single morphism on the larger object. The paper investigates features of subobject independence in general, and subobject independence in the category of C∗ - algebras with respect to operations (completely positive unit preserving linear maps on C∗ - algebras)as morphisms is suggested as a natural subsystem independence axiom to express relativistic locality of the covariant functor in the categorial approach to quantum field theory. (shrink)

Business firms have been explained as internal markets or as communities. To be sustainable, however, they need to reconcile these two constituting elements that have mainly been touted as opposite and part of a dualistic relationship. We suggest that organizations may, in alternative, view market and community as part of a duality, interdependent and mutually constituting processes that may not only contradict each other but also enable one another. The implications of a duality view for business ethics, which articulates market (...) and community elements in a fruitful, mutually enabling relationship, are considered, and duality is presented as a way of transcending what is commonly viewed as opposition, moving organizations both in the direction of humane and competitive finalities. (shrink)

Nella storia della metafisica è stato un grande problema come chiarire l’idea della coincidentia oppositorum (la coincidenza degli opposti) di Cusano, il quale è riconosciuto comunque da Cassirer come il primo epistemologo del pensiero moderno, in particolare come colui che ha saputo conquistare l’infinito alla mente umana. Dopo alcuni secoli, ha avuto una grande importanza una idea simile a quella di Cusano, la dialettica di Hegel, la quale aggiunge una negazione ad una prima frase negata per ottenere una sintesi in (...) termini generali. Ma poi queste idee sono state sempre meno seguite, eccetto che nel XX secolo da un filosofo non accademico, Lanza del Vasto che ha criticato Hegel e si è ricondotto a Cusano. Nello scritto esamino questa tematica mediante gli strumenti recentemente forniti dalla logica matematica, già verificati sugli scritti di altri scienziati; essi sono capaci di distinguere con precisione che cosa, negli scritti di uno studioso, è un passaggio logico formale e che cosa è una semplice illazione, derivata dalla conoscenza comune o dalla sua creatività; e se è un passaggio logico, decidere di che tipo di logica è. Per mezzo di questo metodo formale, i) presento alcune caratteristiche del ragionare di Cusano; ii) critico il metodo di Hegel; il risultato si accorda con la analisi critica di Hegel che Lanza del Vasto ha compiuto in maniera intuitva; iii) dimostro che la relazione tra Cusano e Lanza del Vasto è più forte di quanto dichiara quest’ultimo; iv) suggerisco una spiegazione della coincidentia oppositorum, chiarendo che la novità di ragionare in logica non classica è stata così innovativa che il tentativo di Cusano di precisarne il metodo è risultato in una scorciatoia, non errata ma valida solo in alcune situazioni; mentre è stato deviante il tentativo di Hegel; Lanza del Vasto, che ha portato un contributo al metodo di Cusano, si è comunque reso conto che occorreva arrivare a formalizzare un nuovo tipo di logica, che oggi risulta essere quella non classica. In definitiva, occorre attribuire a Cusano il merito di aver suggerito una nuova maniera di razionalità logica, quella capace di ragionare in logica non classica e di averne dato, sia pure in maniera imprecisa ed oscura, una prima formalizzazione. (shrink)

. Each predicate of the Aristotelian square of opposition includes the word “is”. Through a twofold interpretation of this word the square includes both classical logic and non-classical logic. All theses embodied by the square of opposition are preserved by the new interpretation, except for contradictories, which are substituted by incommensurabilities. Indeed, the new interpretation of the square of opposition concerns the relationships among entire theories, each represented by means of a characteristic predicate. A generalization of the square of opposition (...) is achieved by not adjoining, according to two Leibniz’ suggestions about human mind, one more choice about the kind of infinity; i.e., a choice which was unknown by Greek’s culture, but which played a decisive role for the birth and then the development of modern science. This essential innovation of modern scientific culture explains why in modern times the Aristotelian square of opposition was disregarded. (shrink)

I characterize Bishop's constructive mathematics as an alternative to classical mathematics, which makes use of the actual infinity. From the history an accurate investigation of past physical theories I obtianed some ones - mainly Lazare Carnot's mechanics and Sadi Carnot's thermodynamics - which are alternative to the dominant theories - e.g. Newtopn's mechanics. The way to link together mathematics to theoretical physics is generalized and some general considerations, in particualr on the geoemtry in theoretical physics, are obtained.that.

In my contribution, I discuss the important role of moral anthropological questions in the development of Schiller’s theoretical thought. I underline the fact that Schiller’s philosophical questions in Jena are much closer to those he confronted in Stuttgart – much closer than is considered to be the case in contemporary Schiller scholarship. I show how this continuity becomes evident when we take into consideration the moral anthropological topics that continued to interest Schiller throughout his life. To ground my argument, I (...) show that the concept of the“whole human being” (i. e. the concept of a human considered in its entirety, as both sensible and rational) constitutes the continuous characteristic of Schiller’s philosophical considerations. (shrink)

In the past few decades a remarkable change occurred in Kant scholarship: the "other" Kant has been discovered, i.e. the one of the doctrine of virtue and the anthropology. Through the rediscovery of Kant's investigations into the empirical and sensuous aspects of knowledge, our understanding of Kant's philosophy has been enriched by an important element that has allowed researchers to correct supposed deficiencies in Kant's work. In addition, further questions concerning the nature of Kant's philosophy itself have been formulated: the (...) more the "other" Kant comes to the fore, the stronger the question concerning the connection between pure philosophy and empirical investigation becomes. The aim of this study is to show that the psychological and anthropological interpretations of Kant's pure philosophy are not convincing and at the same time to illustrate some connections between his critical and anthropological investigations by means of an analysis of the theory of the faculties. Against both a "transcendental psychological" and an "anthropological" reading, the book presents Kant's theory of the facultiesas a constitutive part of his critical philosophy andshows that there is a close connection between Kant's pure philosophy and his moral aesthetic. (shrink)

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 135 770 111111 6 1 945 12.0 0 false 14 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false Normal.dotm 0 0 1 161 922 111111 7 1 1132 12.0 0 false 14 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false Eles são há muito conhecidas algumas suposições sobre a relação entre a assimetria do cérebro e/ou indecisão hemisférica funcional que, por vezes, caracteriza os indivíduos canhotos e distúrbios de aprendizagem específicas. Até hoje, no entanto, (...) essas teorias não encontrei muitas confirmações em estudos da neurociência e da psicologia experimental. Em outros aspectos, se olharmos para as evidências experimentais em distúrbio específico de linguagem, ou observação em sala de aula de crianças com distúrbio específico de aprendizagem, ou seja, as experiências empíricas descritas por professores do ensino fundamental, Essa relação parece ser bastante óbvio. Através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado a uma amostra de professores do ensino fundamental italianos, neste estudo, tentamos documentar se há uma maior incidência de dislexia, discalculia e disgrafia em crianças canhotos. Palavras-chave : dislexia, discalculia, disgrafia, assimetria cerebral, canhotismo. (shrink)